School of Traditional Medicine

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    Effect of Echium amoenum Hydroalcoholic Extract on Restraint Stress-induced Depressive- and Anxiety-like Behaviors in Mice
    (Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, School of Traditional Medicine, 2019) Nouri, Mohammad; Hamedyazdan, Sanaz; Sadigh-Eteghad, Saeed; Ranjbar, Fatemeh; Traditional Medicine; Araj-khodaei, Mostafa; Torbati, Mohammadali
    Abstract Introduction: Depression is a threatening disease. Due to adverse effects of chemical antidepressant drugs, researcher’s attention has been shifted toward natural drug. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effect of Echium amoenum (E. amoenum) treatment on anxiety- and- depressive-like behaviors as well as neuroinflammation and hepatotoxicity markers in restraint stress (RS)-subjectedmice. Methods: Phytochemical properties of E. amoenum extract analyzedby evaluation of total phenolic, flavonoid, rosmarinic acid levels and radical scavenging activity. For behavioral studies, animals were randomly assigned into five groups as follows: control, RS, RS+E75, RS+E150, and RS+E300. Animals in the RS group were subjected to the RS (3 h/day for 14 days) and treated with normal saline, while treatment groups were received different doses of E. amoenum (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, P.O.) concomitantly with RS exposure. At the end of the period, behavioral tests were used to evaluate depression and anxiety.Moreover tissue samples from the prefrontal (PFC), hippocampus (HIP) and liver were performed to assess protein expressions of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and liver histology and blood samples for the evaluation of corticosterone, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine phosphatase (ALP). Findings: E. amoenum increased percentage of presence in the central area of the Open Field Test, percentage of frequencies and spent time in open arms of Elevated Plus Maze. Also it decreased the immobilization time in the Tail Suspension and Forced Swimming Tests. These results were accompanied by decreased serum corticosterone levels. Furthermore, E. amoenum decreased protein expression of neuroinflammatory markers in the HIP and PFC subregions. Although RS slightly increased serum levels of liver injury markers, no histopathological changes were seen in the RS or E. amoenum-treated groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that E. amoenum can be an effective and safe complementary strategy for the treatment of stress-associated biochemical and behavioral changes. Keywords: Restraint stress, Anxiety, Depression, Neuroinflammation, Echium amoenum, Corticosterone,
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    The effect of sericin on anxiety, depressive-like behaviors, oxidative stress as well as apoptosis induced by chronic restraint stress in male mice
    (Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, School of Traditional Medicine, 2019) Banagozar Mohammadi, Ahad; Sadigh-Eteghad, Saeed; Fazljou, Seyyed Mohammad Bagher; E.J. Golzari, Samad; Traditional Medicine; Mahmoudi, Javad; Torbati, Mohammadali
    Introduction: Stress, depression and anxiety are now considered as the most prevalent disease in the century. Long-term exposure to stress through different mechanisms causes complications and consequences. Prevention of destructive effects of stress and providing appropriate preventive and therapeutic methods are of illicit drug importance. Objective: Since years away in traditional Iranian medicine, the therapeutic uses of silk are especially common for the treatment of depression, memory and brain function enhancement. Considering the traditional medicine literatures on the insure of silk effect in a wide range of brain diseases, in this study, the protective effects of sericin as the main protein of silk is investigated in prevention of stress-induced brain complications. Methods: Animals were subjected to chronic inhibitory stress for 3 hours and within 21 days sericin were administrated at doses of 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg/day. At the end of the period, behavioral tests were used to evaluate depression and anxiety. Then, blood samples were obtained to measure serum corticosterone level and prefrontal cortical as well as hippocampal samples were used to evaluate the level of oxidative stress and apoptosis markers. Results: Sericin increased percentage of presence in the central area of the Open Field Test, percentage of frequencies and spent time in open arms of Elevated Plus Maze. Also it decreased the immobilization time in the Tail Suspension and Forced Swimming Tests. Sericin administration decreased lipid peroxidation levels and increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and GPx and SOD activities in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Sericin modulates serum corticosterone concentration and inhibits apoptosis by decreasing Bax to Bcl-2 ratio and decreasing Caspase 3 levels in these regions. Results: The findings indicate the protective effect of sericin in the face of chronic restraint stress and prevention of behavioral, psycho-pathological and molecular changes.