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Item type: Item , Comparison of the hemodynamic changes following tourniquet use in orthopedic surgeries in two different age groups(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Feizi, Neda; Sarbakhsh, Parvin; Bazavar, Mohammadreza; Parish, MasoudOver time, several physiological changes have been made to improve the safety of tourniquet use, but there are still no precise guidelines, partly because there is no collective agreement. The aim of this study is the comparison of the hemodynamic changes following tourniquet use in orthopedic surgeries in two different age groups. Materials and Methods: This study was a clinical trial and the target population was all patients over 18 years of age who had an indication for upper or lower limb orthopedic surgery with the possibility of using a tourniquet at Shohada Hospital of Tabriz in 2023-2024. 260 people were included in the study. The sampling method was a census. The determined sample size was divided proportionally between patients under 65 years of age and over 65 years of age (65 patients in each group) and randomization was performed separately within each age group using a block randomization method with blocks of 4 and 6. All patients were examined in the ward and a complete history was taken and if they had consent and had an indication for surgery, they were included in the study. A questionnaire designed for this purpose was filled out for all patients. After entering the operating room and performing routine ward monitoring including: SBP, DBP, MBP, HR, SaO2, the patients were placed under the same anesthesia. The questionnaire recorder and the surgeon were unaware of the tourniquet pressure. A standard calibrated tourniquet was used in all surgeries. The patient's systolic blood pressure was determined before filling the tourniquet, and then 100-130 mmHg was added to it in the lower limb and the tourniquet was filled with that pressure. Also, in the upper limb, the tourniquet was filled 50-70 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure and the variables studied were recorded in the questionnaire. If the surgeon complained of bleeding at the surgical site, 20% was added to the tourniquet pressure. Results: In this study, among hemodynamic factors, the frequency of increase in all hemodynamic variables, including SBP (P=0.001), DBP (P<0.001), MAP (P<0.001), and HR (P=0.002), compared to before tourniquet filling, was significantly higher in patients with routine tourniquet pressure over 65 and under 65 years of age than in patients with modified tourniquet pressure over 65 and under 65 years of age. Also, the decrease in SBP compared to baseline (P=0.001) in patients with modified tourniquet pressure over 65 and under 65 years was significantly higher than in patients with routine tourniquet pressure over 65 and under 65 years, and the increase in HR compared to baseline (P=0.004) in patients with routine tourniquet pressure over 65 and under 65 years was significantly higher than in patients with modified tourniquet pressure over 65 and under 65 years. Among hemodynamic factors, there was no statistically significant difference in the onset time of changes in any of the variables SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR after tourniquet filling compared to before tourniquet filling and baseline between the routine and modified tourniquet pressure groups in people over 65 years of age and under 65 years of age (P<0.05).Item type: Item , Study of the frequency of TTV, TTMV, TTMDV, and TTV-specific miRNAs in patients with COVID-19 and a healthy control group in Tabriz in 1402(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Sabbaghian, Mohammad; Bannazadaeh Baghi, Hossein; Hasani, Alka; Ghotaslou, Reza; Poortahmasebi, Vahdat; Ahangar Oskouee, MahinThe relationship between human anelloviruses (AVs) and the host's immune status has been recently noticed. Infection with other pathogenic viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, can affect the frequency of AVs. The effect of increased replication of these viruses and the presence of their miRNAs on the viral infection of COVID-19, which can indicate immune system suppression, is still unclear. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 210 people were included, including 2 groups of patients with COVID-19 and healthy people. People with COVID-19 were divided into severe and mild categories according to the severity of the disease. Two plasma and respiratory samples were taken from each person and measured for the presence of human anellovirus DNA. At the end, the plasma samples of COVID-19, which were positive for the presence of TTV DNA, were measured for the presence of TTV miRNAs. Results: TTV DNA was significantly higher in severe cases (27.1% in plasma) compared to healthy cases (11.4%) with p-value (0.048). However, other findings among TTMV, TTMDV, and TTV miRNAs in plasma and respiratory samples showed no statistical significance, indicating no clear association between viral markers and the severity of COVID-19.Item type: Item , Evaluation of the expression changes of LNC- MEG3 , miR-548d-3p, miR-21 in tumor samples and tumor margins of gastric cancer (GC)(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Hashemzadeh, Arman; Shanehbandi, Dariush; Hashemzadeh, Sharyar; Asvadi, TourajThe functional role of MEG3 in gastric cancer cells remains unclear, and few studies have simultaneously examined this gene and its associated microRNAs in clinical gastric samples. It appears that investigating the mechanism by which MEG3 prevents gastric cancer progression is a topic deserving of further study. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the simultaneous expression of MEG3, miR-548d-3p, and miR-21 in gastric cancer clinical samples, analyzing their changes in cancer and the potential correlation between the expression of these three genes. Methods: In this study, 100 tumor tissue samples and 100 tumor margin samples were analyzed, all collected from patients during their surgical procedures. The changes in gene expression were evaluated in relation to each other and the clinical findings of the patients. RNA was extracted using Trizol, cDNA was synthesized, and Real-Time PCR was performed. Statistical analysis was then carried out, and gene expression normalization was achieved using the internal control gene expression levels. Results: The results indicate that the expression of LNC-MEG3 is significantly reduced in gastric cancer tumor tissue, while its expression is higher in the tumor margin, suggesting a tumor-suppressive role for this gene. A weak negative correlation between LNC-MEG3 and miR-21 expression was observed. Furthermore, the expression of miR-21 and miR-548d-3p was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in the margin tissue, suggesting a potential role for these miRNAs in tumor progression. Diagnostic performance evaluation revealed that the area under the ROC curve for miR-21 and miR-548d-3p was 0.61 and 0.63, respectively, both indicating significant statistical importance in gastric cancer diagnosis.Item type: Item , The effect of nicotinamide mononucleotide and troxerutin on doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Feyzi, Mehdi; Badalzadeh, Reza; Alihemmati, AlirezaDoxorubicin is a cytotoxic anthracycline drug used to treat various types of cancer. However, a number of systemic side effects have limited its administration in cancer patients. One of the most important side effects of doxorubicin is hepatotoxicity, which causes liver dysfunction. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is essential for mitochondrial activity, and its supplements can compensate for its low concentration in doxorubicin hepatotoxicity and enhance mitochondrial-cellular activity. Troxerutin itself has a wide range of effects in the body, from reducing oxidative stress to affecting many mitochondrial functions. Therefore, it is expected that the combined administration of these two drugs has potential to effectively prevent doxorubicin hepatotoxicity in cancer patients. Methods: In this study, 30 rats were used under standard laboratory conditions. The treatment groups were nicotinamide mononucleotide and troxerutin in combination with doxorubicin, together or alone, at different levels of doses. By passing the specified time, liver histopathological changes were examined by utilizing hematoxylin-eosin staining and light microscopy and serum levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) were evaluated using a specific kit and ELISA method. In order to assessing the mitochondrial membrane depolarization, JC-1 staining and fluorometric technique was conducted. Also, mitochondrial ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production was evaluated using DCFH-DA staining using fluorometric method, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α), IL-1β (Interlukine-1β) and IL-6 (Interlukine-6) were assessed by ELISA method. Results: The results of this investigation declared that the administration of NMN and TXR, in combination or alone, in the groups receiving doxorubicin, reduced liver damage at the tissue level of the studied rats. In addition, the results of examining the normal function of mitochondria (membrane potential) and its antioxidant properties (ROS measurement) showed that the groups receiving TXR and NMN simultaneously reduced oxidative stress and increased liver mitochondrial biogenesis more effectively than the other treatment groups. Also, the reduction of liver enzymes AST and ALT and the reduction of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) also indicate that this treatment method has a significant effect on liver function and has reduced the level of inflammation.Item type: Item , Assessment of aging-related genes expression in liver tissue of type-2 diabetic male rats(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Rekabdar, Behruz; Rezaie, Jafar; Shoaran, Maryam; Ahmadi, Mahdi; Rahbarghazi, RezaDiabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide that has multiple complications on different organs of the body. One of the organs that is mainly affected by diabetes is the liver. Due to the important role of liver in the body, liver disorders are considered as an important cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain liver damage in diabetes, but many of them are ambiguous and the exact mechanisms are still unclear. A detailed understanding of these mechanisms is very important for the development of effective treatments to reduce liver complications in diabetic patients. Hepatocyte aging plays a key role in the progression of liver disease. Therefore, in the present study, we decided to investigate the effect of type 2 diabetes on the expression of aging-related genes in the liver tissue of male rats. Methods: sixteen male rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and diabetic. Diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 35 mg/kg. Two months after diabetes induction, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine xylazine. The liver tissue was sampled to measure the levels of ß-Galactosidase, Klotho, and SOX2 using real-time PCR assay. In addition, IL-1β were measured by ELISA kits. Results: According to the findings of this study, the liver tissue in the diabetic group showed pathological changes compared to the control group. Moreover, the level of IL-1β in diabetic group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression of the Klotho and SOX2 genes was significantly lower in the diabetic group than in the control group, while the expression of the β-galactosidase gene was significantly higher in the diabetic group than in the control group.Item type: Item , Evaluation of laser-based photodynamic therapy effects in the presence of gold coated magnetic-plasmonic iron oxide nanoparticles in brain cancer cell line(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Ahmadi Adl, Elaheh; Shirvalilou, Sakineh; Ghaznavi, Habib; Ghiyasi, Fariba; Shirvalilou, RoghayehGlioma cancer is a type of neoplasm of the supporting tissue of the central nervous system. Recently, gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted much attention in the treatment of glioma, especially as sensitizers to chemotherapy agents and radiation therapy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of photodynamic therapy with laser in the presence of magnetic-plasmonic iron oxide nanoparticles with gold coating in glioma cell line. Methods: Rat glioblastoma C6 cancer cell line was cultured and the cytotoxicity of gold-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was determined by the MTT assay. To measure the induced heat, the flask containing the cell was placed under the laser source and then thermometry was performed in the presence and absence of nanoparticles to obtain the time to reach the desired temperature. The production of reactive oxygen species was measured using the DCFH-DA kit and the ability of cell proliferation was measured using the colony formation assay. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software, One-way ANOVA, and Post-Hoc test. Results: Laser alone for 12 minutes and laser in the presence of nanoparticles for 4 minutes caused photothermal therapy of the cells. On the other hand, cells that were simultaneously treated with nanoparticles and subjected to photothermal therapy had a significantly higher production of reactive oxygen species compared to the groups of nanoparticles or photothermal therapy alone (P<0.05). On the other hand, the number of colonies formed in cells treated with nanoparticles simultaneously and subjected to photothermal therapy was significantly lower than in the groups of nanoparticles or photothermal therapy alone (P<0.05).Item type: Item , The effects of probiotics in functional abilities of multiple sclerosis patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-control trial(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Naseri, Amirreza; Talebi, Mahnaz; Sanaie, SarvinMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that damages the myelin around axons and disrupts nerve conduction, leading to a wide range of symptoms including limb weakness, sensory symptoms, diplopia, ataxia, sphincter disorders, depression, and spasms. Fatigue and cognitive impairment are also common and debilitating symptoms of this disease that have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients. Probiotics, through the gut-brain axis, are suggested to improve the clinical condition in patients with MS. This study investigates the effects of probiotic supplements in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Methods After obtaining the necessary ethical approvals from the esteemed Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and registering the study in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), in this parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 90 RRMS patients with an Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS <4) received one of two study arms, probiotic (Lactocare®) or placebo, twice daily for four months. The outcomes assessed included the level of disability (based on EDSS), cognitive function (Symbolic Digit Methods Test [SDMT], Three-Second Version of the Auditory Serial Addition Test [PASAT-3]), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI]), patients' manual dexterity (Non-Hole Nail Test [9HPT]), and patients' fatigue status based on the Comprehensive Fatigue Assessment Battery for Multiple Sclerosis (CFAB-MS). Blinding was performed for outcome assessors and patients. All assessments were performed at baseline and after four months, and findings were compared between study groups. Results In this study, 122 patients with MS were initially evaluated, and of the 90 randomized patients, 60 completed the trial, including 29 in the probiotic group and 31 in the placebo group. The mean age of the patients was 33.66±8.23 in the probiotic group and 31.23±8.85 in the placebo group. Of the total patients, 46 (76.6%) were female. Probiotic supplementation was not associated with significant improvement in EDSS, BDI-II, PASAT, SDMT, and 9HPT of the non-dominant hand (p-values>0.05). Within-group improvements in PASAT-3 (median change: 2 [IQR: 9.5]) and 9HPT dominant hand (median change: -0.43 [IQR: 2.15]) were observed in the probiotic supplementation group, which was similar to the placebo group.Item type: Item , Dosimetric assessment of the effective wedge angle of the internal wedge of the Elekta synergy linac using Elekta formula and analytical formula and comparison the results with Monaco treatment planning system computations(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 1403) Bahari, Ali; Molazadeh, MikaeilIn radiotherapy, the accuracy of dose calculation systems plays a key role in the treatment of cancer patients. Objective: The current research aimed to evaluate the dose calculation accuracy of Monaco Treatment Planning System (TPS) in estimating the Effective Wedge Angle (EWA) using two different mathematical methods: Elekta formula and ICRU-24 formula. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, EWAs for different field sizes (5 × 5, 10 × 10, 15 × 15, 20 × 20, 25 × 25, and 30 × 30 cm2) at standard angles (15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°) were computed by the Monaco TPS using two different analytical methods. The practical EWAs were measured according to the conditions outlined in the Elekta formula and the ICRU-24 formula, and these measurements were compared with the results derived from the TPS. Results: The planned and measured EWAs are consistent with the Elekta formula, and the error value was less than ± 0.5 in all radiation fields and EWAs. In the ICRU-24 formula, the maximum deviation was ± 2.6° between the computational and practical EWAs.Item type: Item , Studying the effect of exosomes derived from the human melanoma cancer cell line on the proliferative and differentiation properties of the human T lymphocyte cell model(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, 2025) Babaei, Shabnam; Shanehbandi, Dariush; Kazemi, TohidMelanoma is a malignant and highly lethal tumor. It has been shown that melanoma cells secrete exosomes and these exosomes affect the environment and immune cells surrounding the tumor and reduce the tumor's response to immune cells. In the present study, the aim is to introduce a new paradigm in the treatment of this cancer by investigating the effects of cancer-derived exosomes on T lymphocytes. Materials and Methods: In this study, SK-MEL-3 and HFFF2 cell lines (as control) are cultured. Then, exosomes are extracted from each of them, and after confirming the extraction, the effect of these exosomes on proliferation, activation markers, and differentiation into different subtypes of human T lymphocytes is investigated. Results: Exosomes derived from the human malignant melanoma cell line were able to significantly affect the differentiation of Jurkat T cells and drive them towards regulation so that cancer cells can escape the immune system. In this study, a significant increase in the expression of Th2 and Treg cell markers and a significant decrease in the expression of Th1 and Th17 cell markers were observed. In addition, these cancer-derived exosomes were able to reduce the proliferation of T lymphocytes and drive them toward further apoptosis.Item type: Item , Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome following thoracotomy at 6- and 12-month follow-ups(دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، دانشکده پزشکی, 2025) Mohades-Gharamaleki, Farzad; Montazer, MajidLimited research has been conducted on the prevalence of chronic pain following thoracotomy in the long term and its associated risk factors within specific populations. The failure to identify the prevalence and risk factors of chronic pain after thoracotomy hinders the implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures. Additionally, the lack of knowledge about the prevalence of this syndrome can result in excessive costs for health systems and non-compliance with additional treatments by patients. Therefore, understanding this syndrome and its risk factors in different populations is crucial. Given the absence of studies in this field for patients in the northwest of Iran, the present study aimed to determine the occurrence of chronic pain syndrome after thoracotomy over 6 and 12 months of follow-up, encompassing all patients over a 12-month period. Material and methods: This prospective cohort study included 160 thoracotomy candidates from Shahid Madani and Imam Reza hospitals, selected using the available sampling method. Clinical information for each patient was recorded, and chronic pain after thoracotomy was identified if the patient reported a pain intensity score of greater than 5 on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for two consecutive months. The contribution of each factor to the occurrence of chronic pain after thoracotomy was assessed using multivariate regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of chronic pain after surgery was found to be 21.25%. The study revealed several risk factors associated with chronic pain following thoracotomy. Patients aged over 50 years were 2.29 times more likely to experience chronic pain, while those with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25 had a 2.85 times higher risk. Other significant risk factors included preoperative stress (6.29 times), diabetes mellitus (14.37 times), preoperative depression (8.14 times), preexisting cancer (15.24 times), having more than three preexisting diseases (8.29 times), undergoing thoracic surgery within the last three months (12.44 times), receiving chemotherapy for thoracic cancer (6.96 times), undergoing chest radiotherapy (19.21 times), surgery duration exceeding 3 hours (5.25 times), having a chest tube for more than 4 days (36.5 times), preoperative pain intensity exceeding 5 on the VAS scale (14.32 times), acute pain on the first day after surgery (5.57 times), acute pain on the second day after surgery (29.8 times), and acute pain on the third day after surgery (12.22 times).