School of Pharmacy
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://dspace.tbzmed.ac.ir/handle/123456789/5
The School of Pharmacy, as the second pharmacy faculty in Iran after Tehran pharmacy school in 1328 Hejri Shamsi , was located at Tabriz Imam Khomeyni square and Ayatollah Taleghani Street ,was established to provide the country needs to pharmacist. This major change occurs when there was no pharmacy school in Tabriz and pharmacy personnels learn it experimently and finally reach the stage of dispensering . Permission to establish a pharmacy was given after passing the test which requires the literacy and knowing Latin language and dispenesring.
Tabriz pharmacy faculty is established after student advertising admission. At the first reception, the number of students did not pass, But college starts first training cources with 25 students. After 2-year curriculum of courses, the speciality pharmaceutical topics were teached. Toxicology and jalinoosi products were as specialized courses.
Later by the dean Department , Dear doctor Ismaiil Anghajy , basic steps were taken for developing the faculty. School of Pharmacy began its own activities with medicine school and gained independence in 1345.following the dissolution of the pharmacy schools in whole country in September 1347, a new school of pharmaceutical and clinical laboratory sciences began its own activities.The pharmacy faculty was established with the aim of training pharmacy students and drug experts to manage pharmacy, Pharmaceutical industry,economy of country and training experts to work in clinical laboratory and searching in pharmacy and the laboratory. The Department of Laboratory science was transferred Medicine faculty in 1351. The Nutrition school within Tabriz Pharmacy Faculty began its academic activities with 39 students in 1353 and with the establishment of the health and nutrition school it was separated from pharmacy faculty in 1370. The new building for the School of Pharmacy started with an area of 17,000 square meters in 1386. Tabriz School of Pharmacy has more than 3000 pharmacy graduated is delivered to our country that many of them , have been efficient and effective rules in Pharmaceutical Science.
currently Tabriz School of Pharmacy consists of 7 Department of Pharmaceutic, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Clinical Pharmacy and Food and Drug Control. Faculty Education departments and physical facilities with high knowledge of professors tries to through training programs, basic and applied researches and provide services , solve problems with use of a pharmacy modern knowledge and Significant contribution in scientific development of their own country.
Training courses for PhD students starts in field of Pharmacognosy in Tabriz school of pharmacy . now 62 PhD students are studing in Tabriz Pharmacy faculty in the field of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Toxicology, Biotechnology, pharmaceutical and food and drug control.
Tabriz Pharmacy school is located at the heart of the city where the science and art were born. preserved old town in the vicinity of modern development, its proximity to the Shahand mountain that always carrying snow and Uromiye lake and ... causes the city unforgettable for students who live and study in it.
Browse
9 results
Search Results
Item type: Item , Physicochemical characterization of gliclazide solid dispersions prepared by povidone, cross povidone and microcrystalline cellulose(Tabriz University of medical Science, School of Pharmacy, 2008) Farahani, Amin; Nokhodchi, Ali; Barzegar Jalali, MohammadGliclazide is a sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drug which is used in the treatment diabetes mellitus type 2. Gliclazide is practically insoluble in water. In order to improve the drug dissolution rate, co-grinding method was used to prepare gliclazide solid dispersions (SDs) containing carriers namely povidone (PVP-K30), cross-povidone and microcrystalline cellulose in different drug to carrier ratios. The dissolution rate of gliclazide from the SDs was measured by using USP dissolution apparatus II, respectively, at two physiological pH values of 1.2 and 7.2 simulating gastric and intestinal fluids. The dissolution rates of the formulations were dependent on the nature of carriers and ratio of drug to carriers in SDs and the corresponding physical mixtures as well as the pH of medium. The dissolution rate of gliclazide was faster at high pH than that of low pH. The fastest dissolution rates were observed from SDs with the drug to carrier ratio of 1:5. The amount of drug dissolved in 15 minutes from these SDs was varied from 96% in the case of avicel SD to 100% for SD of PVP at basic medium. Whereas the amount of drug released in the same time from pure drug powder, treated drug powder and all physical mixtures was between 60 and 80%. These results indicate that the dissolution rate is highly enhanced from the SDs. DSC as well as X-ray Diffraction showed that the drug crystallinity in SDs was reduced. Also scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis of intact and treated gliclazide revealed a significant reduction in particle size of treated drug. Whereas FT-IR spectroscopy demonstrated no detectable interactions between the drug and carriers. In addition to later evidences, increased wettability and hydrophilicity of drug particles and deaggregation brought about by the carriers are the reasons for the enhanced drug dissolution from the SDs. One of the possible advantages of formulating an insoluble drug such as gliclazide into SDs is that if it is used in preparation of capsules or tablets of the drug, its dose might be reduced which is economically beneficial.Item type: Item , Study the effects of natural honey on cardiac arrhythmias and infarct size in ischemic-reperfused isolated rat heart(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2009) Gharekhani, Afshin; Najafi, MoslemNatural honey has been used as an effective medicinal compound for many years and utilized traditionally for treatment of different diseases. So far, majority of studies have focused on the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, pain relief and wound healing properties of natural honey, however, its efficacy on cardiovascular diseases such as arrhythmias and myocardial infarction was not studied. So, in the present study, potential cardioprotective effects of natural honey against ischemia- reperfusion (I/R)-induced cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial infarction were investigated in isolated rat heart. Materials and methods Male SD rats (270-320g) were divided into 5 groups (n=8 in each group) randomly and pretreated with intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of 300 IU heparin then anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50-60 mg/kg, i.p). As soon as deep anesthesia was achieved, the hearts were removed and quickly mounted on a Langendorff apparatus and then perfused by a carbogenated Krebs-Henseleit (K/H) solution under constant pressure at 37oC. Normal K/H was perfused during stabilization and 30 min regional ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion in control group while in the test groups, during I/R, isolated hearts were perfused with 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1% of honey-enriched K/H solution, respectively. To investigate the potential cardioprotective mechanisms of honey, K/H solution enriched by pure fructose or glucose (which present in 1% honey) also perfused in the individual test groups. An epicardial ECG was continuously recorded by physiograph throughout the experiment. Cardiac arrhythmias which examined during 30 min ischemia and first 30 min of the reperfusion, included total number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs), number, duration and incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), duration and incidence of reversible ventricular fibrillation (Rev VF), incidence of irreversible ventricular fibrillation (Irrev VF) and incidence of Total VF (sum of incidences of Rev VF and Irrev VF). To determine myocardial infarct size, at the end of reperfusion, 0.25% Evans Blue solution was infused to stain the non-ischemic area. Then the heart was cut into slices and incubated by 1% Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) solution and fixed by 10% formalin. The area of infarcted tissue and area at risk were determined by computerized planimetry. Results During ischemia, perfusion of 1% of honey-enriched K/H solution had statistically significant reduction effect on duration and incidence of VT (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) compared to the control group. Honey (0.25 and 0.5%) decreased the number of VEBs and number and duration of VT (p<0.05). Additionally, the time spent in Rev VF and incidences of Rev VF and Total VF were significantly reduced by 0.25, 0.5 and 1% honey (p<0.05 for all). Application of fructose or glucose-enriched K/H solution produced marked and significant reduction in the number, duration and incidence of VT (p<0.01 for all). At the reperfusion phase, honey (1%) significantly decreased duration of Rev VF (p<0.001) and incidences of Rev VF and Total VF (p<0.05). Moreover, administration of 0.5% honey markedly reduced the number of VEBs and VT (p<0.01and p<0.05, respectively). The time spent in Rev VF and incidences of Rev VF and Total VF were significantly lowered by the same concentration. Furthermore, honey (0.25%) showed clear reduction in the number, duration (p<0.01 for both) and incidence of VT (p<0.05). Duration of Rev VF and incidences of both Rev VF and Total VF were also reduced by 0.25% honey (p<0.001 for duration and p<0.01 for incidences). Perfusion of the lowest concentration (0.125%) produced significant reduction in the number of VEBs, number and duration of VT and duration of Rev VF (p<0.05). Both fructose and glucose administered groups markedly reduced the number and duration of VT and the number of VEBs (p<0.05). Additionally, duration of Rev VF and incidences of Rev VF and Total VF were only decreased by fructose (p<0.05). Moreover, perfusion of honey (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5%) resulted in marked reduction of infarct size versus the control group (p<0.001, p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Similarly, fructose and glucose significantly lowered the extent of myocardial infarct size (p<0.001 for both). Discussion and conclusion During both ischemia and reperfusion phases, perfusion of 0.25% honey for the whole period of I/R, significantly reduced the number, duration and incidence of VT. Additionally, the time to spend in Rev VF and incidences of Rev VF and Total VF were significantly reduced by 0.25, 0.5 and 1% of honey. Although 0.125% honey showed significant anti-arrhythmic effects on the number and duration of reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, but this concentration had no significant effect on ischemia-induced arrhythmias versus the control group. Overall, it seems that anti-arrhythmic effects of honey during the reperfusion were grater than ischemic period. In addition, the results showed that honey (0.25 and 0.5%) were optimum concentrations to protect ischemic reperfused rat hearts against arrhythmias in this model of study. However, honey (1%) had some non-significant pro-arrhythmic actions at the reperfusion phase. At the same time, the lowest concentration of honey was not efficient enough to show significant anti-arrhythmic effects. In our study, fructose and glucose desirably produced anti-arrhythmic effects on both ischemia and reperfusion phase arrhythmias. As a result, it could be suggested that fructose and glucose may play pivotal role in the anti-arrhythmic effects of natural honey. On the other hand, under conditions of I/R, the myocardium may be subjected to oxidative damage by free oxygen radicals. Therefore, it can be suggested that protective effects of natural honey against I/R-induced arrhythmias may also be related to its both nonenzymatic antioxidants (such as glutathione and ascorbic acid) and enzymatic antioxidants (such as superoxide dismutase and catalase). In addition, there are some findings that mention to probable anti-arrhythmic effects of the mineral elements such as zinc, magnesium, sodium and chlorine, which are found in natural honey in a relatively high level. Altogether, the used concentrations of honey significantly lowered myocardial infarct size in the ischemic reperfused rat heart (except for 1% honey). At the same time, fructose and glucose diminished infarct size markedly. The results showed that the anti-infarct properties of honey were reversely concentration dependent (equation: y=-9.02x+50.9, r2=0.992) and 0.125 and 0.25% solutions of honey were optimum concentrations to protect ischemic reperfused rat heart against infarction. Similar to the anti-arrhythmic effects, fructose and glucose may probably have important role in the efficacy of natural honey on myocardial infarction due to provide rich energy source. Since effectiveness of honey against I/R-induced injuries are not clear, there are no exact cardioprotective mechanisms in relation with the natural honey. However, other potential mechanisms of honey to decrease myocardial infarct size may include antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory effects, liberation of inflammatory cytokines, decrease in the measure of necrotized tissue and anti-arrhythmic effects. In summary, for the first time we found that natural honey produced significant anti-arrhythmic and anti-infarct effects when it was used for the whole period of I/R. Also, we suggested that fructose and glucose, as the most constituents of honey, may play important role in the both anti-arrhythmic and anti-infarct properties of honey. Finally, it seems that natural honey should be considered as a potent cardioprotective natural product.Item type: Item , Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics of metronidazole floating beads based on calcium silicate and gas forming agents(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2009) Hamedeyazdan, Sanaz; Javadzadeh, Yousef; Zarrintan, Mohammad HosseinIn recent years scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of controlled release oral drug delivery systems by overcoming physiological adversities, such as short gastric residence times and unpredictable gastric emptying times. Floating dosage forms that are designed to be retained in the stomach have been developed as a drug delivery system to overcome this physiological problem. Metronidazole is a nitroimidazolin antibiotic that is used for treatment of Helicobacter Pylori in combination with other drugs. In the present investigation metronidazole loaded floating alginate beads were prepared for local eradication of H. Pylori. Materials and Methods: Gelation method was used for preparation of conventional sodium alginate beads consisting calcium silicate as porous carrier or NaHCO3 as a gas forming agent. Drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading, floating properties, drug release, crystallinity and release kinetic as well as morphology of the prepared beads were also assessed. Results: Drug entrapment efficiency ranged between 61.7 - 93.1% for the prepared formulations whereas gas forming based beads exhibited more value of drug loading comparing with the silicate based beads. The silicate based beads showed slower release pattern, compared to the gas forming based beads due to network structure strengthening effect of the calcium silicate. Furthermore, the gas forming based beads had shorter initial buoyancy lag time, owing to the fact that the NaHCO3 produced larger pores than those of silicate treated ones. Kinetically, release pattern of MZ in simulated gastric fluid from the beads fitted best to Reciprocal powered time, Weibull and log-probability models with the respect OE values of 4.50, 5.30 and 7.76. Conclusion: On the whole, by altering the amount of three formulation variables in formulations, the characterization of the beads could be controlled. By and large, these systems can float in the gastric condition and control the drug release from the beads with a definite kinetic of release.Item type: Item , Effects of cytoplasmic recombinant protein expression (hll-2&mll-4) on hydrogen peroxide concentration and catalase activity in Escherichia coli(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2009) Mehdizadeh Aghdam, Elnaz; Hejazi, Mohammad SaeidThe expression of a foreign protein(s) in a recombinant host cell or organism often changes the biochemistry and physiology of the host and lower the amount of the target foreign protein. Identification of preventive factors helps to resolve their inhibitory effects and improve the product yield by increasing cell growth and recombinant proteins production from molecular cloning to bioprocess procedures.The Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is induced in the cells following various stresses. However, the effect of recombinant protein expression on ROS generation has not been studied yet. In this study, H2O2 concentration and catalase activity variations and their correlation with cell growth following cytoplasmic expression of human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) and mouse interleukin-4 (mIL-4) in Escherichia coli Bl21(DH3) were investigated. Additionally, the effect of recombinant protein expression under different conditions was compared to the effect of foreign DNA introduction on these factors. Plasmids pEThIL-2 and pETmIL-4 were used for expression of human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) and mouse interleukin-4 (mIL-4) inside the cytoplasm of the cells. Having confirmed protein expression, H2O2 concentration and catalase activity were measured at various ODs. Also, Hydrogen peroxide concentration was measured in interleukin-4 expressing and wild type cells which treated with different concentrations of IPTG. Empty vector introduction increased significantly H2O2 concentration of the cells. However, H2O2 concentration in hIL-2 and mIL-4 expressing cells was significantly higher than its concentration in empty vector transformed cells. Catalase activity was reduced in foreign DNA introduced cells. It was more lowered following expression of recombinant proteins. Results of this study revealed the relationship between foreign DNA introduction and protein expression with H2O2 elevation and catalase activity reduction. There was also correlation between H2O2 elevation and reduction in catalase activity with the cell growth depression and recombinant protein production amount.Item type: Item , In-vivo evaluation of novel mucoadhesives nanoparticles containing dexamethasone for ocular drug delivery on rabbit eye(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2009) Rafie, Farzaneh; Javadzadeh, Alireza; Rashidi, Mohammad Reza; Davaran, Soudabeh; Javadzadeh, YusefBackground and Objective: Ocular drug delivery is an extremely challenging area due to its restrictive barrier functionalities. Drug transport via corneal/non-corneal routes involves several intricate biological processes such as drug penetration across the ocular barriers and transfer to the anterior or posterior chambers, thus the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the in-vivo effects of a new smart polymer loaded with dexamethasone on inflammated rabbit eye. Methods: Polymeric smart micelles were prepared using N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPMAAM), vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) and methacrylate (MAA) as monomers which were cross-linked with N, N-ethylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) with 75.7:9.5:14.8 molar ratios. These micelles were further characterized upon their physicochemical properties using particle size analyzer, FT-IR, H-/C-NMR,. Particle size analyzer resulted in 415-942 nm, when cross linker was MBA and 297-464 nm while applied cross linker was Triethyleneglykol. Then prepared nanosuspension dropped in rabbit eye according certain time courser, later results classified via Hogan's scoring courser and statically analyzed using Independent student t-test and MannWhitney U-tests. Results and Conclusion : The ocular barriers are highly specialized and selectively control the inward/outward traverse of compounds, so based on our study this novel copolymer loaded with dexamethasone as a novel drug delivery system due to its mucoadhesives and thermosensitive properties that prolongs residence time of medicine in target site can increases bioavailability of the model medicine and treats damaged rabbit eyes faster and better than simple dexamethasone drop available in the market.Key words: Ocular drug delivery, mucoadhesives, nano particle, N-isopropylacrylamide, smart polymer, dexamethasone, rabbit.Item type: Item , Evaluation of potential anti tumor activity of Scrophularia variegata M. Bieb. extract on lung cancer cell line(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2009) Atashapaz Gargari, Sina; Nazemiyeh, Hossein; Omidi, Yadollah; Barar, JalehIntroduction Cancer causes significant morbidity and mortality and is a major public health problem worldwide. Lung cancer has the most mortality rate among other types of cancer in the world. According to American Cancer Society (ACS) in 2007, 31% all of cancer death in males and 26% in females, were related to lung cancer. Plant-derived compounds have been an important source of several clinically useful anti-cancer agents. Among these, Scrophularia species have been used in various traditional medicines around the world. In the current study we aimed to assess cytotoxic and possible anti cancer effect of Scrophularia variegata, a traditionally used herbal medicine, on A549 cell line. Materials and Methods In this study, we studied the growth inhibitory effect of S. variegata's anti-tumor activity using human lung cancer cell line A549. The cells were exposed to methanol extract at different concentration and for different time durations. Along with imaging technique for revealing the treatments outcome, MTT assay were carried out to characterize the cytotoxicity of the extract used. Expression of apoptosis related genes such as bcl-XL, bax, p53 and EGFR as well as β-actin house keeping gene was studied using reverse transcriptase-PCR. Results Our results showed that methanol extracts of S. variegata greatly inhibited A549 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Upon treatment with extract, a clear difference was observed in cellular morphology; the cells acquired more attenuated architecture. A decrease in expression of some apoptosis related genes was observed. Discussion Our results, for the first time, demonstrate the S. variegata methanol extract anti-tumor activity in vitro and showed its inhibitory effect on the growth of human lung cancer cell line A549. The results demonstrate S. variegata could be considered as a suitable anti cancer candidate for further analysis.Item type: Item , Study of the effects of Acetyl L-carnitine on ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias and infarct size in isolated rat heart(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2009) Ghaffary Eyrdmousa, Saba; Najafi, MoslemIntroduction: Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is an ester of the trimethylated amino acid, L-carnitine, and is synthesized in the human brain, liver, and kidney by the enzyme ALC transferase. ALC facilitates the uptake of acetyl CoA into the mitochondria during fatty acid oxidation, enhances acetylcholine production, and stimulates protein and membrane phospholipids synthesis. ALC, similar in structure to acetylcholine, also exerts a cholinomimetic effect. ALC plays a major role in normal mitochondrial function, being a transport molecule for free fatty acids and an important acetyl-group donor in high-energy metabolism and free fatty acid beta-oxidation. Its main body stores are in skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is found along with free plasma L-carnitine and other acyl-esters of varying chain length and has been claimed to be superior to normal L-carnitine in terms of bioavailability. This study aimed to examine whether ALC was able to reduce cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial infarction size in ischemic-reperfused isolated rat heart. Method & materials : Male Wistar rats weighing 270-330 g were used in this study. The rats were pretreated with intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 300 IU heparin then anaesthetized by sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, ip). The hearts were excised rapidly and mounted on a non-recirculating langendorff apparatus under 100 mmHg pressure at 37 °C and perfused throughout the experiments with modified Krebs-Henseleit (K/H) solution which was previously equilibrated with 95% O2 - 5% CO2. A fluid filled balloon introduced into the left ventricle and inflated to give a preload of 8–10 mmHg . After 20 min stabilization, the hearts subjected to 30 min regional ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. In control group (n=8-10), the hearts perfused only by normal K/H solution throughout the experiment, while in the treatment groups (4 groups, n=8-10 in each group), they were perfused during I/R with enriched K/H solution with 0.375, 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mM of ALC, respectively. Induction of regional ischemia achieved by temporary occlusion of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion. An epicardial ECG was recorded by a polygraph during the experiment. Based on the Lambeth conventions, the ECGs were analyzed to determine the total number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs), the number of beats occurring as ventricular tachycardia (VT), and the incidence and duration of VT and ventricular fibrillation (VF) during ischemia and the first 30 min of reperfusion time. At the end of reperfusion, Evans blue solution was infused to stain the non-ischemic area. Then the hearts were cut into slices, incubated by 1% Triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution, and fixed in formalin. The infarct size was determined by using a computerized planimetry package. Results: During ischemia, all used concentrations of ALC decreased number and duration of ischemic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) versus the control group (p<0.01). ALC reduced the incidence of total ventricular fibrillation (VF) and the time spent for reversible VF (p<0.05). In addition, incidence of VT was significantly reduced only by 3 mM (p<0.05). At the reperfusion phase, duration of VT showed significant reduction by lower concentrations (p<0.05). Moreover, ALC (0.375, 1.5 and 3 mM) reduced the incidence of total VF from 80% (control) to 25%, 50% and 38%, respectively (p<0.05). In the control group, infarct size was 23±3.1%, however, ALC (0.375, 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mM) reduced infarct size to 8.7±2.3 (p<0.01), 5.3±1.4 (p<0.0001), 12±4.1 (p<0.05) and 8±2.9% (p<0.01). Conclusions: By considering of the results, it may be concluded that ALC has protective effects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injuries as reduction of infarct size and arrhythmias in isolated rat heart. Stimulation of glucose oxidation via activation of PDH, and then reducing lactate production, reduction of fatty acid metabolites in the myocytes and antioxidant effect by ALC may have important roles in this condition.Item type: Item , Effects of oral honey administration on ischemia reperfusion -induced arrhythmias and infarct size in isolated rat heart(Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2009) Shaseb, Elnaz; Najafi, MoslemIntroduction: Honey is widely used in folk-medicine throughout the world. However, it has a limited use in modern medicine due to lack of scientific support. Honey has demonstrated antimicrobial properties. High antimicrobial activity is as a result of osmotic effect, acidity, hydrogen peroxide and phytochemical factors, and as yet unidentified compound putatively described as inhibines, although lethality of and inhibition by these and other components against microorganisms vary greatly, depending on the floral source of nectar. Honey has been reported to have an inhibitory effect to around 60 species of bacteria including aerobes and anaerobes, gram-positives and gram-negatives. An antifungal action has also been observed for some yeasts and species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, as well as all the common dermatophytes. Honey has antioxidant activity. In general, the antioxidant capacity of honey appeared to be a result of the combined activity of a wide range of compounds including phenolics, peptides, organic acids, enzymes, Maillard reaction products, and possibly other minor components. The phenolic compounds contributed significantly to the antioxidant capacity of honey but were not solely responsible for it. There is no report regarding cardioprotective effects of chronic oral administration of natural honey against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. Therefore, in this thesis, effects of chronic oral honey on I/R- induced cardiac arrhythmias and infarct size were investigated in isolated rat heart. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats weighing 270-300 g were divided into four groups (n=10 in each group) and fed with different concentrations of honey (1%, 2% and 4%) for 45 days except the control group. After anesthesia by sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p.), the hearts were excised rapidly and mounted on a Langendorff apparatus under 100 mmHg pressure at 37 °C and perfused throughout the experiments with modified Krebs-Henseleit (K/H) solution. A fluid filled balloon introduced into the left ventricle and inflated to give a preload of 8–10 mmHg. After 20 min stabilization, the hearts subjected to 30 min regional ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. An epicardial ECG was recorded by a polygraph during the experiment. Based on the Lambeth conventions, the ECGs were analyzed to determine cardiac arrhythmias. At the end of reperfusion, Evans blue solution was infused to stain the non-ischemic area. Then the hearts were cut into slices, incubated by 1% thriphenyl tetrazolium chloride solution, and fixed in formalin. The infarct size was determined by using a computerized planimetry package. Results: Administration of oral honey (1% and 2%) reduced infarct size from 23±3.1% (control) to 9.7±2.4 and 9.5±2.3%, respectively (p<0.001). In the ischemic phase, administration of oral honey (1% and 2%), was reduced the number of VT from 473±166 in the control group to 26±14 (p<0.01) and 72±54 (p<0.05), respectively. Duration of VT was decreased by the same concentrations (p< 0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Honey (1% and 2%) also led to a reduction in the number of ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) from 941±224 (control) to 421±143 and 241±116 (p<0.05 and p<0.01), respectively. Duration and incidence of reversible ventricular fibrillation (Rev VF) were decreased statistically significant by honey 2% (p<0.05). In addition, honey (1% and 2%) caused significant reduction in the incidence of VT and total VF compared to the control group (p<0.05). During reperfusion time, VT incidence was 73% in the control group, however natural honey (1%) decreased it to 22% (p<0.05). In addition, total VF incidence, time and number of VT were decreased significantly by the same concentration (p<0.01). In addition, Rev VF incidence was lowered significantly from 82% (control) to 33% by 1% and 2%, respectively (p<0.05). Discussion and Conclusions: For the first time, results of present study demonstrated protective effects of chronic oral honey administration against ischemia/reperfusion injuries in isolated rat heart as reduction of infarct size and arrhythmias. Maybe, antioxidant activity, the existence of various components especially important minerals, energy sources such as glucose and fructose and some improvement in hemodynamic functions may have important roles in these protective effects.Item type: Item , studies on the optimum management of paracetamol poisoning(دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، دانشکده داروسازی, 2004)paracetamol is the most common medicinal substance involved in self poisoning in the UK.Nacetylcysteine (NAC)is used orally or intravenously for treatment of paracetamol overdose .The most serious adverse effect of intravenous NAC is anaphylactoid reaction.In this work I have examined 1)the role of the aminoacid,taurine as a biomarker in paracetamol poisoning 2) markers of reactions to NAC, 3) methods to reuce the incidence of adverse events related to NAC use and 4) the pharmacokinetics and effects of taurine administered exogenously to normal volunteers. IN this work,I have shown that approximately 37 of admissions to the poisons Unit at L1andough Hospital in cardiff over a 14year period (19892002)involved paracetamol,making it the commonest medicinal substance in overdose and the commonest substance involved after alchol .I have observed significant increases in plasma taurine concentration after paracetamol poisoning.However ,this biomarker does not appear to be sufficiently specific for clinical purpose.I have demonstrated that infusion of NAC in healthy volunteers increases plasma histamine concentrations by 90 within 15 min.I have also described the plasma concentrations and effects of intravenous NAC in healthy volunteers ,and demonstrated that administration of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor,naproxen,may ameliorate to some extent some of the adverse effects of intravenous NAC in these individuals.Finally ,I have shown that taurine is absorbed relatively rapidly after oral administration of a tablet formulation ,and declines in plasma with a half life of elimination of approximately 1.5+_ 0.6 (SD) hours in healthy volunteers .This information is novel ,and may be of value in examining a putative role of turine in paracetamol poisoning in man in the future.