Effects of different concentrations of aluminum phosphide and sodium bromide, calcium carbonate and Potassium nitrate as its probable antidotes on some blood biochemical and oxidative stress parameters and brain histopathology, oxidative stress and apoptosis related genes expression in a rat model

Abstract

Aluminum phosphide is a solid fumigant that has been widely used since the 1940s and is readily available, and in some countries such as India, it is purchased under the trade names such as phosphonium-silphium sulfurs and Sophos because the compounds are calcium carbonate - sodium bromide and potassium nitrate, which has a positive action that can be linked with phosphine. This study aims to investigate the effect of poisoning with different concentrations of aluminum phosphide (rice tablets) and compounds of sodium bromide, calcium carbonate, and potassium nitrate as possible antidotes on some biochemical parameters, and blood oxidative stress, histopathology, oxidative parameters, and the expression of apoptotic genes in It is the brain. Materials and Methods: In this study, 36 male Wistar rats weighing 200 ± 25 grams were treated in the negative control, positive control, and antidotes of sodium bromide, calcium carbonate, and potassium nitrate compounds with high and low concentrations. The brain samples of rats were evaluated. Tests related to oxidative stress, including TAC, SOD, GPx, catalase, and MDA, were performed from the serum samples, and biochemical tests, including calcium, phosphorus, ALP, magnesium, and blood serum sugar, were measured. The brain tissue was prepared from the same place in the left hemisphere of the brain, and the expression level of P53, Bax, BCL2, Caspase3, Caspase8, and Caspase9 genes in the brain tissue was checked using the qRT-PCR technique. One gram of tissue was taken from the same place in the brain's left hemisphere and homogenized in PBS buffer after centrifugation. TAC, SOD, GPx, MDA, catalase, and total protein were measured with commercial kits, and the amount of protein was normalized and reported. Results: In the histology of the brain tissue, in all the studied groups, common pathological lesions, including vascular hyperemia, perivascular and perineuronal edema, bleeding, amas (encephalitis), cell swelling and necrosis (encephalomalacia), were not observed, and the structure was almost standard. It was seen in all tissue sections. The TAC level in the aluminum phosphide poisoning group receiving the CaCO3-H antidote was significantly higher than the positive control. The level of MDA in aluminum phosphide poisoning groups receiving CaCo3-H, KNO3-H, NaBr-L, and NaBr-H antidotes was significantly lower than the positive control. The level of P53 gene expression in the negative control and antidotes groups was significantly lower compared to the positive control. Bax gene expression in CaCO3 and ALP-CaCO3-L antidote group was significantly lower compared to the positive control. The antidotes used in the current study did not affect the expression of caspase3 and caspase9 genes. The concentration of MDA and GPx proteins in the brain tissue sample was significantly lower in the negative control, ALP-NaBr-L, CaCO3, and KNO3 antidotes groups compared to the positive control.