Effects of sodium bromide, calcium carbonate and Potassium nitrate on kidney of rats induced to acute aluminum phosphide toxicity

Abstract

Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is one of the most dangerous pesticides, which is known as rice tablets in Iran, and there is no specific antidote to treat poisoning with rice tablets. In this regard, in the present study, the effect of poisoning with different concentrations of aluminum phosphide (rice tablets) and sodium bromide, calcium carbonate and potassium nitrate (as a possible antidote) on the kidney was evaluated in the rat animal model. Methods: One hundred and two male Wistar rats were divided into different groups to investigate different concentrations of AlP as well as sodium bromide, calcium carbonate and potassium nitrate. Then serum levels of biochemical parameters of urea, uric acid, creatinine, total protein and albumin were measured using enzymatic calorimetric method and special kits. Oxidative stress parameters including malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated in the kidney tissues of all treated rats. Pathological examination of kidney tissue was done using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: The results of the present study showed that more severe pathological lesions, especially vascular congestion, bleeding, cell swelling and fat changes were seen in the kidney tissue of mice receiving a concentration of 40 mg per body weight AlP. Treatment with potassium nitrate, calcium carbonate, and sodium bromide antidotes reduces these lesions, especially the reduction of bleeding, inflammation, and fat changes in the kidney tissues of all rats. The results of the analysis of biochemical indicators and oxidative stress in the serum of mice showed that potassium nitrate is more effective than other antidotes in reducing the oxidative stress caused by AlP in rats. In rats receiving potassium nitrate, the amount of catalase and SOD enzymes increased significantly.