Reversion of Multidrug Resistance by Co-Encapsulation of Doxorubicin and Metformin in Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) -d-alpha-tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate Nanoparticles

Abstract

Purpose P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) has been recognized as the main obstacle against successful cancer treatment. To address this problem, co-encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) and metformin (Met) in a biodegradable polymer composed of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) was prepared. We reported in our previous study that Met inhibits P-gp in DOX resistant breast cancer (MCF-7/DOX) cells. TPGS is a bioactive compound which has also been shown to inhibit P-gp, further to its pharmaceutical advantages. Methods The DOX/Met loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by double emulsion method and characterized for their surface morphology, size and size distribution, and encapsulation efficiencies of drugs in NPs. Results All NPs were found to be spherical-shaped with the size distribution below 100 nm and encapsulation efficiencies were 42.26 +/- 2.14% for DOX and 7.04 +/- 0.52% for Met. Dual drug loaded NPs showed higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MCF-7/DOX cells in comparison to corresponding free drugs. The higher cytotoxicity of dual drug loaded NPs was attributed to the enhanced intracellular drug accumulation due to enhanced cellular uptake and reduced drug efflux which was obtained by combined effects of Met and TPGS in reducing cellular ATP content and inhibiting P-gp. Conclusion Simultaneous delivery of DOX and Met via PLGA-TPGS NPs would be a promising approach to overcome MDR in breast cancer chemotherapy.