Use of gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles (AuNPs/FeMOF)-modified glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the quantification of risperidone in patient plasma samples

Abstract

Introduction: Neuropsychiatric diseases are usually accompanied by lifelong disabilities, which brings those disabilities a heavy economic burden. Risperidone (RIS) is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia. Recommended serum therapeutic reference for RIS ranges from 20 to 60 ng/mL combined with RIS and 9-hydroxyrisperidone (an active metabolite) serum concentration. Moreover, RIS is the most evidence-supported atypical antipsychotic, indicating a direct correlation between serum concentration and pharmacological effects, and levels above 120 ng/mL are associated with adverse effects like the development of Parkinsonian symptoms and hyperprolactinemia. So, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is considered a true-of-certain concept that reflects the regulation of efficacy and incidence of severe side effects in patients with RIS therapeutic regimens.Goal: In this research work, an electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the determination of risperidone in human plasma samples based on gold/iron metal-organic framework nanoparticles on the glassy carbon electrode.Methods: This paper is provided to develop an electrochemical probe for the determination of RIS in biological samples by modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and iron metal-organic frameworks (FeMOFs). The electrochemical behavior was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV).Results: The peak current increases beyond the addition of AuNPs and FeMOFs due to the dual amplification mechanism. So, the modification of the GCE surface improves the electrochemical activity compared with a bare electrode.Conclusions: The proposed method, with further validation and testing in more real samples, can be used as a reliable method for measuring RIS in clinics. Also, due to its high sensitivity and selectivity, and the use of relatively inexpensive materials in the preparation of the probe, it can be commercially available as a screen-printed electrode for fast and reliable detection of RIS after proper validations.