Development of a novel solid phase extraction method based on graphene oxide nanocomposite adsorbents for analysis of some psychostimulant drugs from urine

Abstract

Introduction: Methamphetamine, pseudoephedrine, and related drugs are among the first drugs used to stimulate the central nervous system. There are serious concerns about the abuse of amphetamine and its stimulant derivatives worldwide. The analysis of low doses of drugs in biological matrices necessitates using simple and effective preparation steps. These preparation methods eliminate undesirable matrix effects and also offer the advantages of cleanup and preconcentration.Objective: To prepare and develop a new solid phase extraction method based on graphene oxide nanocomposite adsorbents to analyze some psychotropic drugs in urine. Methods: In this study, three graphene oxide (GO)- based adsorbents were prepared. The variables affecting the extraction efficiency of analytes, such as the pH of the sample solution, the amount of adsorbent, the extraction time, and the type of solvents, were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions, analytical methods for extraction using HPLC were presented.Results: The adsorbents were characterized and after determining the optimal conditions using the experimental design method, the calibration curve and linear range were determined. Optimal extraction conditions The results showed that the use of the (GO/PANI) adsorbent for extraction could lead to the detection of 0.25 mg/L of methamphetamine from the urine matrix. On the other hand, (Fe3O4/C-nanodot/GO) could extract methamphetamine and pseudoephedrine simultaneously with a minimum concentration of 1 mg/L and the (GO/Fe3O4/APT) adsorbent 0.5 mg/L in the tested sample.Conclusion: The proposed analytical methods can be used for the quantitative determination of methamphetamine and pseudoephedrine in real samples. The (Fe3O4/C-nanodot/GO) nanosorbent can simultaneously extract two drugs in 20 seconds, the GO/PANI adsorbent can detect lower concentrations in 5 minutes, and the aptamer-coupled magnetic adsorbent provides the ability to be reused.