Detection some of the immunosuppressant drugs in biological samples using electrochemical or spectroscopic methods

Abstract

Introduction: Recently, immunosuppressant medications have received more attention for post-transplant drug monitoring due to their pivotal roles in long-term graft survival. Cyclosporine (CsA) and Tacrolimus (Tac) are common administrated medication for prevention of organ transplantation rejection. Due to the narrow therapeutic index of them, the therapeutic effects are evident within a limited range of blood concentration, indicating the fundamental role of therapeutic drug monitoring. Aim:Development of an analytical mrthod for some immunosuppressive drugs in biological samples by optical methods.Method: A two-photon fluorescence probe based on the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) and norepinephrine-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@NE) was employed for the detection of the CsA in human plasma samples in which the fluorescent emission intensity of ZIF-8-AgNPs@NE was quenched in the presence of CsA. Results: The proposed probe determines CsA in plasma samples in the dual linear ranges of 0.01 - 5 µg/mL and 5 -10 μg/mL. In addition, a one-step and sensitive colorimetric platform is fabricated for the determination of Tac by surface modification of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via norepinephrine (NE) molecules. The attachment of NE and Tac induces the aggregation of the AgNPs observed by color distinction (yellow to brown) and a noteworthy shifting in absorption peak. The fabricated nanoprobe can detect Tac concentrations in plasma samples in two linear ranges 2 -70 ng/mL and 70 -1000 ng/mL.Conclusion: Both of the developed probes demonstrate the advantages of a facile and fast platform with significant limit of detection. At last, the developed method was applied to find CsA and Tac concentration in patients receiving oral regimen which indicate them as promising methods for on-site detection applications.