Method development for determination of rivaroxaban in serum and exhaled breath condensate

Abstract

Introduction: Rivaroxaban is used in atrial fibrillation and the prevention of thrombotic events after hip and knee surgery. Due to the common complications of gastrointestinal and brain bleeding, it is necessary to find a method to determine the amount of rivaroxaban in the biological samples of patients.Aim: The design and validate an analysis method to determine the amount of rivaroxaban in serum and exhaled breath condensate (EBC).Method: After designing the specific aptamer of rivaroxaban by the Selex method, indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate film (ITO-PET) electrodes were used to make an electrochemical aptasensor to identify and determine the amount of rivaroxaban. In the first project, the hydroxylated electrode was modified with gold nanoparticles (in the presence of CTAB and arginine additives) and then the aptamer was connected through the Au-S bond. In the second project, an electroactive polymer named polytoluidene blue modified with silver nanoparticles was used to prepare a suitable substrate for aptamer stabilization. Aptasensors were used for quantitative analysis of rivaroxaban using electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and chronoamperometry).Results: For the first time, we selected a specific rivaroxaban aptamer that can bind to rivaroxaban with high affinity. This aptamer was used to design an electrochemical aptasensor to detect rivaroxaban. The amount of LOD was equal to 6.03 nM. Conclusion: The designed aptamer could be used as a bioreceptor to make an aptasensor for the selective and sensitive detection of rivaroxaban in biological samples. Considering the portability of the engineered sensors and the analytical results comparable to other analytical methods for identifying and determining the amount of rivaroxaban, it can be expected that in the future, this electronic tool can be used for the routine analysis of the mentioned drug (with the improvement of the validation part).