Dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) for specific pre-concentration and sensitive determination of total para-cresol in plasma samples of CKD patients with fluorescence method

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common problem that kills millions of people in the worldwide each year. In order to early detect of this disease, it is necessary to measure the biomarkers to prevent progression of disease. To measure the biomarkers in the biological samples according to the complex matrix of plasma, a preparation step is required. Nowadays, in the field of nano technology, the application of chemical adsorbants in nano scale has just speared widely to extract and pre-concentrate drugs and biomarkers. Aim: In the present study, a simple, fast and cost-effective dSPE method is developed for preconcentration and quantification of pC in human plasma samples with spectroflurimetric method. Methods: KCC-1-NH2/EEGO, nanocomposite was synthesized and then characterized by various instrumental analysis method. To draw the calibration curve, various optimization steps were performed in standard and plasma samples. The method validation was carried out according to the FDA guidelines to confirm the accuracy, precision, stability and selectivity of the developed method. Finally, the efficiency of the developed method was evaluated in the plasma samples of patients. Results: The developed method showed a linear range from 0.02 to 6 µg/mL with an acceptable correlation (R2=0.9982). The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were found 0.043 and 0.013 µg/mL; respectively. The obtained results showed that developed method could be used for the analysis of pC in plasma samples. Conclusion: In summary, the developed d-SPE based spectrofluorometric method was validated and applied for the preconcentration and determination of pC in human plasma samples. This method can detect trace amounts of pC in patients’ plasma samples with high specificity and sensitivity.