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dc.contributor.authorGhabili, K
dc.contributor.authorAgutter, PS
dc.contributor.authorGhanei, M
dc.contributor.authorAnsarin, K
dc.contributor.authorPanahi, Y
dc.contributor.authorShoja, MM
dc.date.accessioned2018-08-26T06:15:34Z
dc.date.available2018-08-26T06:15:34Z
dc.date.issued2011
dc.identifier.urihttp://dspace.tbzmed.ac.ir:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/43119
dc.description.abstractSulfur mustard (SM) and similar bifunctional agents have been used as chemical weapons for almost 100 years. Victims of high-dose exposure, both combatants and civilians, may die within hours or weeks, but low-dose exposure causes both acute injury to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract and other parts of the body, and chronic sequelae in these organs are often debilitating and have a serious impact on quality of life. Ever since they were first used in warfare in 1917, SM and other mustard agents have been the subjects of intensive research, and their chemistry, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of toxic action are now fairly well understood. In the present article we review this knowledge and relate the molecular-biological basis of SM toxicity, as far as it has been elucidated, to the pathological effects on exposure victims.
dc.language.isoEnglish
dc.relation.ispartofCritical reviews in toxicology
dc.subjectChemical Warfare Agents
dc.subjectEye
dc.subjectKinetics
dc.subjectMustard Gas
dc.subjectPharmacokinetics
dc.subjectRespiratory System
dc.subjectSkin
dc.titleSulfur mustard toxicity: history, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.
dc.typearticle
dc.citation.volume41
dc.citation.issue5
dc.citation.spage384
dc.citation.epage403
dc.citation.indexPubmed
dc.identifier.DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2010.541224


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